Were Israeli attacks on radio and television stations of news media organizations, including those run by Hamas, lawful?ġ2. Do journalists have special protection from attack?ġ1. What is meant by “collective punishment” of the civilian population?ġ0. Was it lawful to target leaders of Hamas and their offices and homes?ĩ. Was Hamas’s firing of rockets at Israel lawful?Ĩ. Was Israel permitted to attack mosques or schools in Gaza?ħ. What are the legal protections for hospitals, medical personnel, and ambulances?Ħ. Should belligerent parties have given warnings to civilians in advance of attacks? What constitutes an “effective” warning?ĥ. What were the obligations of Israel and Hamas with respect to fighting in populated areas?Ĥ. Who and what is subject to military attack?ģ. What international humanitarian law applied to the May 2021 fighting between Israel and Hamas?Ģ. Rockets launched from Gaza into Israel by Palestinian factions killed 12 people, including 2 children.Īs of May 20, according to UN OCHA, Israeli forces had killed 25 Palestinians and injured 6308, including 84 children, during confrontations between Israeli forces and Palestinian protesters – who often threw rocks at them – in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.ġ. local time.Īccording to the UN OCHA as of May 25, the fighting had resulted in the killing of 253 people in Gaza, including 66 children. The Israeli military attacked targets within the densely populated Gaza Strip with missiles, rockets, and artillery.Ī ceasefire between the warring parties went into effect on May 21 at 2 a.m. On May 10, Palestinian armed groups in Gaza started to launch rockets towards Israeli population centers. The confrontations in East Jerusalem injured hundreds of Palestinians between May 7 and May 10, according to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA). Palestinian demonstrators at times threw rocks during confrontations with Israeli security forces. In addition, Palestinians held demonstrations around East Jerusalem, and Israeli forces fired teargas, stun grenades, and rubber-coated steel bullets, including inside al-Aqsa Mosque. The May 2021 conflict followed rising tensions in Jerusalem, including from efforts by Jewish settler groups to evict and confiscate the property of long-time Palestinian residents from their homes in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood of East Jerusalem, which Israel unilaterally annexed but remains occupied territory under international humanitarian law. In accordance with our institutional mandate, Human Rights Watch maintains a position of neutrality on these issues of jus ad bellum (law concerning acceptable justifications to use armed force) our primary goal is documenting violations of, and encouraging all sides in armed conflicts to respect, the laws of war, or jus in bello (law concerning acceptable conduct in war). It does not address whether the armed wings of Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and other Palestinian armed groups or the Israeli government were justified in resorting to armed force, such as under the United Nations Charter. This Q&A focuses on international humanitarian law governing the conduct of hostilities by each party to the conflict. The purpose is to facilitate analysis of the conduct of all parties to the conflict with the aim of encouraging accountability for violations of the laws of war and avoiding repetition in the future. The following questions and answers address issues relating to international humanitarian law (the laws of war) governing the armed conflict between Israel and Hamas, Islamic Jihad, and other Palestinian armed groups in Gaza that took place from May 10 to May 21, 2021. Israel's air force targeted the 13-floor Jala Tower housing Al-Jazeera television and the Associated Press news agency. The Jala Tower was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike in Gaza.
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